# hr4id.org


## Posts

- [Spain](https://hr4id.org/spain/): Return to id map Contributor: Jose Arraiza Organization: Independent researcher Last update: Chapeau Spain has a long history of implementing regulations and laws surrounding digital ID. These laws and regulations are through various levels as high as the EU and on a national level. Since the 1990s, National ID cards have evolved through the years to incorporate digital elements alongside various ways for digital authentication and identification. Some of the programs implemented are Cl@ve, references numbers, EID and TOKEN. Spain is bound by EU law on data protection and more generally, by EU and Council of Europe standards of human […]
- [Kenya](https://hr4id.org/kenya/): Return to id map Contributor: Laura Goodwin, Yasah Musa, Emmanuel OkiriOrganization: Namati, Nubian Rights ForumLast update: Chapeau Kenya stands out as one of the (or the only so far? Maybe the first?) country that has successfully used litigation to hold back the roll out of a digital identity system – twice. This is in part thanks to [training judges on the risks and harms of digital ID]. The fight continues as the government continues to try to put a fresh coat of paint on the same idea and try again. Civil society organizations continue to advocate for []. 1.1. Which […]
- [Myanmar](https://hr4id.org/myanmar/): Return to id map Contributor: Jose ArraizaOrganization: Independent researcherLast update: Chapeau Currently, Myanmar is a state under military capture. This fact is important to understanding the human rights impact of implementing a Digital ID program that can be used by the military to strengthen its control over citizens through surveillance and repression. Military control also makes it difficult to access reliable information on the Digital ID system. The State Administration Council sources – controlled by the military – claim the Unique Identification Digit (UID) will be given to all legal residents regardless of citizenship status, however, the criteria for obtaining […]
- [Nigeria](https://hr4id.org/nigeria/): Return to id map Contributor: Tunde OkunoyeOrganization: University of the Witwatersrand, JohannesburgLast update: Chapeau Please write a short paragraph (250 words or less) highlighting some of the things unique or specific to that country. This will serve as the blurb that pops up on the map/visualization that, when clicked on, will lead to the page with further detail. The goal is to both inform and entice the reader to learn more. This paragraph will also be cross-cutting and applying to the country across to all Categories, so it may need to be updated a few times accordingly as more submissions […]
- [South Africa](https://hr4id.org/south-africa/): Return to id map Contributor: Jonathan KlaarenOrganization: SA Digital ID Law & Technology OverviewLast update: Chapeau South Africa currently has an identification act, but it is not a digital ID system. There is currently a draft Digital ID Bill that was proposed a year ago in April. The draft extends the identification database to temporary foreign visitors. It would provide for issuing identity cards that would have biometric data including fingerprints and facial scans. There has been no citizen representation so far. There is a thorough human rights assessment that has ten factors that are examined for the program. As […]
- [Uganda](https://hr4id.org/uganda/): Return to id map Contributor: Katelyn Cioffi Organization: Center for Human Rights & Global Justice, NYU School of Law Last update: Chapeau The Registration of Persons Act, 2015 (ROPA) forms the legal basis for the Ugandan national digital ID system. This legislation was passed the year after mass registration for the national ID began in 2014, initially without a legal basis and with little public participation or acknowledgement of human rights risks. ROPA establishes the national ID as the primary means of identification in the country, making registration compulsory for all citizens and alien residents in Uganda, and enumerating many […]
- [Ecuador](https://hr4id.org/ecuador/): Return to id map Contributor: Juan De Brigard Organization: Independent Last update: Input Colombia has a national identity card known as the “cédula de ciudadanía” (Citizenship card) for nationals over 18 years of age. It is historically tied to the right to vote, as it was implemented as the unique and mandatory mean for identifying voters in 1929. Furthermore, in 1961 this document was established as the only valid way of claiming legal identity before the Colombian State.[1] The National Registry Authority (Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil, RENC) is, since the issuing of the current constitution in 1991, in charge […]
- [Between Progress and Exclusion: The Human Rights Challenges of Digital ID](https://hr4id.org/the-human-rights-challenges-of-digital-id/): By José María Arraiza, independent researcher at the HR4ID Coalition 
- [United Kingdom](https://hr4id.org/united-kingdom/): Return to id map Contributor: Katelyn CioffiOrganization: Center for Human Rights & Global Justice, NYU School of LawCountry: United KingdomLast update: 1.1. Which are the specific laws creating and regulating Digital ID and what is their hierarchy (constitutional, organic laws, regional/sub-state laws, regulations, procedures)? Several pieces of legislation help to regulate digital ID in the UK. This includes the Online Safety Act 2023;[1] Data Protection Act 2018; UK General Data Protection Regulation (retained EU Law); Equality Act 2010; and Freedom of Information Act 2000. Another key piece of legislation will be the proposed Data Protection and Digital Information (No. 2) […]
- [Brazil](https://hr4id.org/brazil/): Return to id map Contributors: Janaina Costa, Teresa PerosaOrganization: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, Surveillance Resistance LabLast update: Chapeau Brazil has a new Digital ID framework which has the goal to be fully rolled out by 2032. It currently is in 12 states and citizens can either downloaded on GOV.BR or receive a physical copy. This card is for citizenship and contains biometric information. When legislation was being passed there was very little civil society and civilian participation with only one group speaking a singular time. According to Decree 10,977/2022, the CIN is valid throughout the national […]
- [India](https://hr4id.org/india/): Return to id map Contributor: Shruti Trikanad Organization: Independent researcher Last update: Stock of legislation / current regulation on digital ID Chapeau India stands out as (one of?) the first countries to implement a digital identity system (called the Aadhaar system) and (one of?) the first to be legally challenged on the basis of constitutionally protected rights of privacy. Notably, the Aadhaar system was initially implemented via an executive order in YEAR, and not made law until YEAR. Even then, it was passed as a financial bill that did not require input from [the upper house], despite the fact that […]
- [Colombia](https://hr4id.org/colombia/): Return to id map Contributor: Juan de Brigard Organization: Independent researcher Last update: Chapeau Colombia’s national ID system is something that has not been in the democratic discourse as it is the National Registry who has advanced it. Multiple avenues like laws, decrees and other forms of regulation are utilized to regulate National ID in Colombia and vary due to various hierarchies (?in the federal government, or the state government?). Modern digitization of national ID leads to digitization of the fingerprint registers in 2005, even those of under 18 starting in 2008. There have been some judicial decisions made based […]
- [Chile](https://hr4id.org/chile/): Return to id map Contributor: Javiera Moreno AndradeOrganization: Lawyer, Independent ResearcherLast update: Chapeau Please write a short paragraph (250 words or less) highlighting some of the things unique or specific to that country. This will serve as the blurb that pops up on the map/visualization that, when clicked on, will lead to the page with further detail. The goal is to both inform and entice the reader to learn more. This paragraph will also be cross-cutting and applying to the country across to all Categories, so it may need to be updated a few times accordingly as more submissions come […]
- [Argentina](https://hr4id.org/argentina/): Return to id map Contributor: Victoria PenasOrganization: Association for Civil Rights (Asociación por los Derechos Civiles-ADC) Last update: Chapeau To fully understand the logic behind the digital ID regulations in Argentina, it is fundamental to address the fact that the whole population registry and identification system was firstly regulated under the rule of a military dictatorship, in a context of institutional paralysis. Even the vocabulary of the legislation back then left no doubt about the indifference towards a human rights approach. Since then, democratic governments have relied on this foundation to implement digital identification systems. Often these systems were implemented without […]

## Pages

- [About U s](https://hr4id.org/about-us/): We are a transnational community of civil society organizations, researchers, and advocates dedicated to advancing equity, justice, and human rights in digital identity systems. As state-driven digital transformation accelerates-often without community consultation-our network provides a platform for solidarity, research, advocacy, and collective action to resist and reshape digital ID programs that undermine rights and dignity. Global organizations Amnesty International Facebook X-twitter Youtube ARTICLE 19 Linkedin Co Develop Datasphere Initiative Digital Welfare State & Human Rights Project, Center for Human Rights & Global Justice, NYU Law School Namati Facebook Twitter Youtube Payne & Routledge Africa Black Sash Facebook X-twitter Youtube Catalysts […]
- [Blog](https://hr4id.org/blog/): Blog
- [national-mapping](https://hr4id.org/national-mapping/): Digital id map This is a mapping of the current landscape of Digital Identity initiatives across various countries. It is the result of a collaborative research effort carried out by volunteer members of our coalition and is continually evolving. We welcome further contributions, if you’d like to share information about a new country or expand on an existing entry, please get in touch with us! To access the information click on the country in the map, or in the corresponding box below.
- [Common position](https://hr4id.org/common-position/): STATEMENT ON MANDATORY DIGITAL ID Under what circumstances, if any, should digital ID be mandatory? To address this critical question, the Human Rights for Digital Identity (HR4ID) Coalition has developed a common position, summarizing our core concerns and recommendations. In the statement, we outline the potential harms posed by different types of digital ID systems and mandatory requirements, highlight the positive and negative obligations of public and private institutions, and make recommendations for designing systems that will help to ensure human rights. Core Concerns and Recommendations Evidence of negative impact Mandatory digital ID requirements negatively impact human rights and human […]
- [Home](https://hr4id.org/): Around the world, public and private institutions increasingly require individuals to enroll in digital identity systems to access services. IDENTITY IS A HUMAN RIGHT Identity is tied to so many other rights, including: Anti-discrimination / Equality Privacy Economic & Social Rights Freedom of Expression Digital identity and digital public infrastructure (DPI) systems can increase the risk of exclusion and discrimination, violate privacy, and misuse data. Instead, these systems must respect, protect and promote human rights and the rule of law. Governments and private sector actors often dictate the design and deployment of digital ID technologies without the involvement of affected […]


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